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Merge pull request #12073 from Sébastien Deleuze
* gh-12073: Polish "Add Kotlin support reference documentation" Add Kotlin support reference documentation
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87953b32b1
@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ Phillip Webb; Dave Syer; Josh Long; Stéphane Nicoll; Rob Winch; Andy Wilkinson;
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:github-repo: spring-projects/spring-boot
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:github-raw: https://raw.github.com/{github-repo}/{github-tag}
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:github-code: https://github.com/{github-repo}/tree/{github-tag}
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:github-issues: https://github.com/{github-repo}/issues/
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:github-wiki: https://github.com/{github-repo}/wiki
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:github-master-code: https://github.com/{github-repo}/tree/master
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:sc-ext: java
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@ -68,6 +69,8 @@ Phillip Webb; Dave Syer; Josh Long; Stéphane Nicoll; Rob Winch; Andy Wilkinson;
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:jetty-documentation: https://www.eclipse.org/jetty/documentation/9.4.x
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:micrometer-concepts-documentation: https://micrometer.io/docs/concepts
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:tomcat-documentation: https://tomcat.apache.org/tomcat-8.5-doc
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:kotlin-documentation: https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/
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:junit5-documentation: https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide
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// ======================================================================================
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include::documentation-overview.adoc[]
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@ -7534,6 +7534,225 @@ Boot's core features will be honoured by the presence of the core starter.
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[[boot-features-kotlin]]
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== Kotlin support
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https://kotlinlang.org[Kotlin] is a statically-typed language targeting the JVM (and other
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platforms) which allows writing concise and elegant code while providing
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{kotlin-documentation}java-interop.html[interoperability] with existing libraries written
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in Java.
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Spring Boot provides Kotlin support by leveraging the support in other Spring projects
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such as Spring Framework, Spring Data, and Reactor. See the
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{spring-reference}languages.html#kotlin[Spring Framework Kotlin support documentation]
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for more information.
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The easiest way to start with Spring Boot and Kotlin is to create a project via
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https://start.spring.io/#!language=kotlin[start.spring.io]. Feel free to join the #spring
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channel of http://slack.kotlinlang.org/[Kotlin Slack] or ask a question with `spring`
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and `kotlin` tags on https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/spring+kotlin[Stack
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Overflow] if you need support.
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[[boot-features-kotlin-requirements]]
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=== Requirements
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Spring Boot supports Kotlin 1.2.x. To use Kotlin, `org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib` and
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`org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect` must be present on the classpath. The
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`kotlin-stdlib` variants `kotlin-stdlib-jdk7` and `kotlin-stdlib-jdk8` can also be used.
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Since https://discuss.kotlinlang.org/t/classes-final-by-default/166[Kotlin classes are
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final by default], you are likely to want to configure
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{kotlin-documentation}compiler-plugins.html#spring-support[kotlin-spring]
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plugin in order to automatically open Spring-annotated classes so that they can be
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proxied.
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https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-module-kotlin[Jackson's Kotlin module] is required
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for serializing / deserializing JSON data in Kotlin. It is automatically registered when
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found on the classpath. A warning message is logged if Jackson and Kotlin are present but
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the Jackson Kotlin module is not.
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TIP: These dependencies and plugins are provided by default if one bootstraps a Kotlin
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project on https://start.spring.io/#!language=kotlin[start.spring.io].
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[[boot-features-kotlin-null-safety]]
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=== Null-safety
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One of Kotlin's key features is {kotlin-documentation}null-safety.html[null-safety]. It
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deals with `null` values at compile time rather than deferring the problem to runtime and
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encountering a `NullPointerException`. This helps to eliminate a common source of bugs
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without paying the cost of wrappers like `Optional`. Kotlin also allows using functional
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constructs with nullable values as described in this
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http://www.baeldung.com/kotlin-null-safety[comprehensive guide to null-safety in Kotlin].
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Although Java does not allow one to express null-safety in its type system, Spring
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Framework, Spring Data, and Reactor now provide null-safety of their API via
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tooling-friendly annotations. By default, types from Java APIs used in Kotlin are
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recognized as
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{kotlin-documentation}java-interop.html#null-safety-and-platform-types[platform types]
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for which null-checks are relaxed.
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{kotlin-documentation}java-interop.html#jsr-305-support[Kotlin's support for JSR 305
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annotations] combined with nullability annotations provide null-safety for the related
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Spring API in Kotlin.
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The JSR 305 checks can be configured by adding the `-Xjsr305` compiler flag with the
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following options: `-Xjsr305={strict|warn|ignore}`. The default behavior is the same as
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`-Xjsr305=warn`. The `strict` value is required to have null-safety taken in account in
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Kotlin types inferred from Spring API but should be used with the knowledge that Spring
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API nullability declaration could evolve even between minor releases and more checks may
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be added in the future).
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WARN: Generic type arguments, varargs and array elements nullability are not yet
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supported. See https://jira.spring.io/browse/SPR-15942[SPR-15942] for up-to-date
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information. Also be aware that Spring Boot's own API is {github-issues}10712[not yet
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annotated].
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[[boot-features-kotlin-api]]
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=== Kotlin API
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[[boot-features-kotlin-api-runapplication]]
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==== runApplication
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Spring Boot provides an idiomatic way to run an application with
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`runApplication<FooApplication>(*args)` as shown in the following example:
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[source,kotlin,indent=0]
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----
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import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication
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import org.springframework.boot.runApplication
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@SpringBootApplication
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class FooApplication
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fun main(args: Array<String>) {
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runApplication<FooApplication>(*args)
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}
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----
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This is a drop-in replacement for
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`SpringApplication.run(FooApplication::class.java, *args)`. It also allows customization
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of the application as shown in the following example:
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[source,kotlin,indent=0]
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----
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runApplication<FooApplication>(*args) {
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setBannerMode(OFF)
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}
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----
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[[boot-features-kotlin-api-extensions]]
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==== Extensions
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Kotlin {kotlin-documentation}extensions.html[extensions] provide the ability
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to extend existing classes with additional functionality. The Spring Boot Kotlin API makes
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use of these extensions to add new Kotlin specific conveniences to existing APIs.
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`TestRestTemplate` extensions, similar to those provided by Spring Framework for
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`RestOperations` in Spring Framework, are provided. Among other things, the extensions
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make it possible to take advantage of Kotlin reified type parameters.
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[[boot-features-kotlin-dependency-management]]
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=== Dependency management
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In order to avoid mixing different version of Kotlin dependencies on the classpath,
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dependency management of the following Kotlin dependencies is provided:
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- `kotlin-reflect`
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- `kotlin-runtime`
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- `kotlin-stdlib`
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- `kotlin-stdlib-jdk7`
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- `kotlin-stdlib-jdk8`
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- `kotlin-stdlib-jre7`
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- `kotlin-stdlib-jre8`
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With Maven, the Kotlin version can be customized via the `kotlin.version` property and
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plugin management is provided for `kotlin-maven-plugin`. With Gradle, the Spring Boot
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plugin automatically aligns the `kotlin.version` with the version of the Kotlin plugin.
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[[boot-features-kotlin-configuration-properties]]
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=== `@ConfigurationProperties`
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`@ConfigurationProperties` currently only works with `lateinit` or nullable `var`
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properties (the former is recommended), since immutable classes initialized by
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constructors are {github-issues}8762[not yet supported].
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[source,kotlin,indent=0]
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----
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@ConfigurationProperties("example.kotlin")
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class KotlinExampleProperties {
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lateinit var foo1: String
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lateinit var foo2: String
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lateinit val bar = Bar()
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class Bar {
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lateinit var bar1: String
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lateinit var bar2: String
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}
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}
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----
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[[boot-features-kotlin-testing]]
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=== Testing
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While it is possible to use JUnit 4 (the default provided by `spring-boot-starter-test`)
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to test Kotlin code, JUnit 5 is recommended. JUnit 5 enables a test class to be
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instantiated once and reused for all of the class's tests. This makes it possible to use
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`@BeforeAll` and `@AfterAll` annotations on non-static methods, which is a good fit for
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Kotlin.
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To use JUnit 5, exclude `junit:junit` dependency from `spring-boot-starter-test`, add
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JUnit 5 dependencies, and configure the Maven or Gradle plugin accordingly. See the
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{junit5-documentation}/#dependency-metadata-junit-jupiter-samples[JUnit 5
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documentation] for more details. You also need to
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{junit5-documentation}/#writing-tests-test-instance-lifecycle-changing-default[switch test
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instance lifecycle to "per-class"].
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[[boot-features-kotlin-resources]]
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=== Resources
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[[boot-features-kotlin-resources-further-reading]]
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==== Further reading
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* {kotlin-documentation}[Kotlin language reference]
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* http://slack.kotlinlang.org/[Kotlin Slack] (with a dedicated #spring channel)
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* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/spring+kotlin[Stackoverflow with `spring` and `kotlin` tags]
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* https://try.kotlinlang.org/[Try Kotlin in your browser]
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* https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/[Kotlin blog]
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* https://kotlin.link/[Awesome Kotlin]
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* https://spring.io/blog/2016/02/15/developing-spring-boot-applications-with-kotlin[Developing Spring Boot applications with Kotlin]
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* https://spring.io/blog/2016/03/20/a-geospatial-messenger-with-kotlin-spring-boot-and-postgresql[A Geospatial Messenger with Kotlin, Spring Boot and PostgreSQL]
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* https://spring.io/blog/2017/01/04/introducing-kotlin-support-in-spring-framework-5-0[Introducing Kotlin support in Spring Framework 5.0]
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* https://spring.io/blog/2017/08/01/spring-framework-5-kotlin-apis-the-functional-way[Spring Framework 5 Kotlin APIs, the functional way]
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[[boot-features-kotlin-resources-examples]]
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==== Examples
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* https://github.com/sdeleuze/spring-boot-kotlin-demo[spring-boot-kotlin-demo]: regular Spring Boot + Spring Data JPA project
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* https://github.com/mixitconf/mixit[mixit]: Spring Boot 2 + WebFlux + Reactive Spring Data MongoDB
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* https://github.com/sdeleuze/spring-kotlin-fullstack[spring-kotlin-fullstack]: WebFlux Kotlin fullstack example with Kotlin2js for frontend instead of JavaScript or TypeScript
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* https://github.com/spring-petclinic/spring-petclinic-kotlin[spring-petclinic-kotlin]: Kotlin version of the Spring PetClinic Sample Application
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* https://github.com/sdeleuze/spring-kotlin-deepdive[spring-kotlin-deepdive]: a step by step migration for Boot 1.0 + Java to Boot 2.0 + Kotlin
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[[boot-features-whats-next]]
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== What to Read Next
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If you want to learn more about any of the classes discussed in this section, you can
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